DepthX побывал на дне Закатона
При этом датчики показали, что дно колодца (кстати, его диаметр на поверхности составляет около 100 метров) имеет заметный наклон. В самой мелкой части его отделяет от поверхности 276 метров (в юго-восточном углу). А в самой глубокой — 319 метров. При этом вблизи данного северо-западного участка дна колодец делает изгиб, в который пока не проник взгляд сонаров робота.
Данные лишь указывают на возможный проход приблизительно 16-20 метров в высоту и 40-50 метров в ширину. Это может быть как простой слепой альков, так и "дверь" в систему более глубоких пещер (смотрите этот отчёт Stone Aerospace).
О возможности дальнейшего исследования данного таинственного угла ничего пока сказать нельзя. Поскольку над этим местом нависает скала, учёные и инженеры, проводящие экспедицию на Закатон, сомневаются — стоит ли вести туда робота, опасаясь его потерять (машина ведь работает без привязи, под управлением собственного "мозга"). Однако известно, что погружения необычного аппарата в Закатон будут продолжены.
Интересно, что в 1994 году двое аквалангистов — Шек Эксли (Sheck Exley) и Джим Боуден (Jim Bowden) (о которых мы писали ранее)— спустились в Закатон на глубину 281,94 метра, но, к несчастью, подьём друзей наверх закончился трагически — Шек погиб. Теперь выясняется, что Эксли и Боуден совсем немного не добрались до наклонного дна Закатона, в поисках которого они и ныряли.
Стоит также добавить, что стены этого природного колодца возвышаются на 16,5 метров над уровнем воды, что даёт общую высоту провала в 335,5 метра. Кстати, великолепные снимки этого красивого места, как и отчёты об экспедиции, вы можете найти , тут и тут.
Важность рекордного погружения "Глубоководного исследователя фреатических термальных источников" (так расшифровывается DEPTHX) заключается не столько в первом подробном исследовании Закатона, сколько в проверке самого робота, обладающего системой искусственного интеллекта, помогающей ему передвигаться под водой, составлять карту местности, брать образцы пород, выбирать маршрут движения и возвращаться к людям наверх.
Об устройстве и параметрах этого робота "Мембрана" рассказывала тут. А здесь вы можете найти наш большой материал о разработках планетарных роботов в Stone Aerospace. Ведь и DEPTHX, и подводный аппарат, который уже идёт к нему на смену, являются прототипами машин, которые смогут исследовать подлёдные океаны спутников газовых гигантов.
http://www.octopus.ru/node/1520
Планетарный робот готов к испытаниям в глубоководной дыре(как сообщает Мембрана http://www.membrana.ru/lenta/?6898)
Этой весной "Глубоководный исследователь фреатических термальных источников" (Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer — DEPTHX) начнёт погружения в глубины озера Закатон (Zacaton) в центральной Мексике.
Закатон относится к интересному типу водоёмов — естественные колодцы, дыры (sinkhole, также называемые cenote), представляющие собой глубокие провалы, заполненные водой и полученные в результате вымывания пород, часто связанные с системой подводных пещер.
Глубина Закатона — более 300 метров. Здесь робот должен продемонстрировать своё умение ориентироваться под водой, автономно изучать глубины колодца, собирая пробы и тут же, на лету, составляя карту подводных ходов, по которой он должен выбраться на поверхность. В выполнении этой задачи роботу поможет программное обеспечение SLAM, что означает "Одновременная локализация и картография".
DEPTHX создан американской компанией Stone Aerospace, но его картографический "интеллект" разработан командой под руководством Дэвида Веттергрина ( David Wettergreen) из института робототехники университета Карнеги-Меллона ( Robotics Institute of CMU).
Робот представляет собой "тарелку" диаметром 2,13 метра, высотой 1,52 метра и весом 1,3 тонны. Он обладает положительной плавучестью и низким центром тяжести. Он очень устойчив. Под водой аппарат передвигают шесть винтов. На себе он несёт кучу научного оборудования. Рабочая глубина погружения — до 1 километра.
Ближайшая цель робота — узнать, какие виды организмов живут на дне самого глубокого карстового колодца в мире — то есть в Закатоне. Но это будет и экзамен для DEPTHX. "Мы нуждаемся в транспортном средстве, которое может передвигаться через сложные системы пещер, не теряясь и не попадая в ловушку", — говорит Веттергрин.
Если эксперимент будет успешным, этому роботу дадут фантастическую работу — исследование водоёмов на других мирах. А именно — на Европе — луне Юпитера.
Рассказывая о первых тестах робота, Stone Aerospace поясняет, что создавала его в качестве прототипа посадочного аппарата для ледяной луны, по заказу американского космического агентства в рамках программы "Астробиологические науки и технологии исследования планет" (Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets — ASTEP).
О том, что в океанах Европы может существовать жизнь, учёные говорят давно. Есть даже экзотическая версия, что микроорганизмы могли попасть туда с Земли. Потому Европа и США мечтают высадить на Европе робота. DEPTHX — один из его вариантов.
Есть также версия, что относительно тёплые жидкие водоёмы существуют на Энцеладе — спутнике Сатурна. Если его знаменитые фонтаны не есть результат деятельности клатратов. Может когда-нибудь DEPTHX смог бы поработать и там?
Sunday, May 13 2007 . Взято
тут
John Kerr and Marcus Gary arrived on site at Rancho la Azufrosa on Friday evening May 11th to begin unpacking DEPTHX from the storage container where it had baked for the past two months. John reported a positive system boot today that indicated the system was still stable. Bill Stone left Austin, Texas mid-day with a truck load of late-arriving components that would be needed for the new high power underwater lighting system that would be used for the science autonomy experiments that will dominate this series of tests. Jose Antonio Soriano, one of Mexico’s best known expeditionary explorers and a commercial nature photographer, began documenting the final field stage of the DEPTHX project. Mexican biologist and DEPTHX collaborator Antonio Fregoso, from the Universidad del Noreste in Tampico, also arrived on site. Over the weekend the floating science station in Cenote Zacaton was upgraded by Marcus and Antonio while John worked on wiring for the power supply for the new film lights. Stone also brought two MK6 closed cycle life support backpacks and associated heliox and oxygen gas supplies for a hedge against possible need for emergency recovery of DEPTHX should there be a problem. The MK6 is limited to 200m operating depth so any autonomous system failure in DEPTHX below that depth would be unrecoverable.
View of Cenote Zacaton looking northeast. The round, green floating reed mats at the top of the image are known as “zacate”, hence giving rise to the name “Zacaton” for the cenote. Normally these rotate and move about with changing winds; however, in this case they were corralled into the northeast corner with floating line in order to keep them from interfering with the science missions. The pit measures 120 m in diameter and the drop to the water is 17 m freefall. Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace)
The view from the bottom – a fish eye portrait of Cenote Zacaton taken from a kayak at the northwest corner of the shaft. It was at this location that cave divers Sheck Exley and Jim Bowden made their attempt to reach the bottom of Zacaton in 1994. Bowden reached a depth of 282 m. Exley never returned and the mystery of what lay below remained until the arrival of Team
DEPTHX in May 2005 during which the shaft was imaged to about the same depth (282m) using DEPTHX core instrumentation in a drop sonde configuration. The current autonomous missions hope to finally resolve the mystery of what lays below.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
John Kerr working on the guts of the Science Payload to integrate a new PAR photo sensor that will measure incident ambient light levels at locations where DEPTH will begin taking biological samples from the wall of Cenote Zacaton.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Marcus Gary assembling a shade canopy on the floating science base in Cenote Zacaton.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Monday, 14 May 2007
Today was spent moving the bot from the storage container and re-assembling the system and its syntactic floatation panels. Two cranes were on site as of today – the main 60 ton unit that will be used to access Sistema Zacaton during the next two weeks – and a smaller 20 ton mobile unit. We used the latter for final assembly of DEPTHX on its carrier. By nightfall, all was ready for the first mission.
Cenote Zacaton at dawn. In the background is Cerro Granito, a granite dome; further to the east are ancient volcanic cones, whose residual heat warms the waters rising from Zacaton. The cenote itself is carved from limestone.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace)
DEPTHX is rolled out from the field lab to begin the final series of tests at Sistema Zacaton.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Hoisting DEPTHX onto its carrier for transport to Cenote Zacaton.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Loading the syntactic floatation panels that were stored on the bot carrier.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Tuesday, 15 May 2007
This was the big day: the first autonomous exploration of Cenote Zacaton, the main entrance to Sistema Zacaton. After a final code check at the field lab we towed DEPTHX to the 60 ton crane that lay waiting at the edge of the cenote. With no incidents the bot made it to the water surface where it was towed to the floating science station. A 500 m long 1 mm diameter fiber optic filament was connected to the vehicle to allow for data uplink during the mission. This piped live information on what the bot was seeing and thinking to two laptops on the floating platform where two team members reviewed the behavior. Following some short tests to verify basic functionality (dive, move in a straight line, return to a point and hold etc) we sent it on its way down. The platform had been moved to a location approximately on centerline of the shaft so that we could have an essentially straight drop. We were not disappointed by the data coming back: Zacaton morphed from a nearly circular 120 m diameter cenote into a rectanglular shaft, 80 m north-south by 45 m east-west. On its way down the bot went into high resolution scanning mode. Due to the axisymmetric form of the design, there is very little resistance to rotation, and hence it can emulate a surface-based scanning laser radar and produce exceptionally high resolution 3D maps. It was this capability that allowed us to paint in the walls with such graphic density (see the map images from today). At this point, at a depth of – 270 meters, two surprising things happened: first, we began to see what appeared to be a bottom to the cenote – an inclined slope leading to a deep point at the northwest corner of the cenote. Spin scanning ultimately illuminated the floor in a series of circular contours (see the bottom closeup image). The second surprise was a sudden failure in the guidance system at a depth of -250 meters during the ascent. This was manifested by a gradual divergence in the geometry data between the descent and ascent paths. Had it happened on a fully autonomous mission it could have led to the loss of the vehicle. We therefore began a detailed investigation of the causes of this failure. Prior to beginning the ascent the vehicle, while hovering at -270 m, was able to image the northwest corner to a depth of -296 m underwater, currently the deepest known point in Zacaton.
Nathaniel Fairfield reviews the final code and mission plan for DEPTHX and its first mission at Zacaton. Nearly 100,000 lines of software control the robot.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace)
The bot on its transporter heading to Cenote Zacaton from the field lab.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
DEPTHX Principal Investigator Bill Stone connects the robot to the 60 ton crane that will be used to drop the bot into Sistema Zacaton for the first time.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Once in the water the bot is towed over to the floating science base.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
At the science base in Zacaton a fiber optic filament is connected which will be used to activate the mission plan; the fiber will remain connected to allow topside scientists to study the live data and ascertain if the bot is making proper decisions during the early dives.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
The floating science platform follows the bot out (which is moving under its own power and its own program) to the point where it will begin a descent in the deepest portion of the Cenote. Once the bot submerges we can see what it sees via the fiber data link but other than observing and detecting a dangerous error by the bot, we do not intervene.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
On the first mission the bot descended to a depth of 270 meters. There, beginning at a depth of 20 m below the vehicle, the presence of a sloping floor began to appear. Using its high resolution scan behavior (which involves setting the bot into a steady rotation about its vertical axis, just like a spinning top) we were able to “paint” the floor with circular scans from the down-looking sensors. The result was an unambiguous, and disssapointing, end to the entrance shaft – we had been prepared on the first mission to descend to at least -400 m; the vehicle itself is rated to -1,000 m.
Photo: (Stone Aerospace / Team DEPTHX).
The complete map from Mission 05152007-001, showing the entire height of the Zacaton entrance shaft. Note the distortion in the upper ¾ of the image – this was a result of a data registration mis-match between the descent data and the ascent data due to failure of one part of the onboard guidance system.
Photo: (Stone Aerospace / Team DEPTHX).
Wednesday, May 16 2007
Today we re-ran the May 15th mission, this time with what apparently was a solid guidance system alignment. Because of the disparate behavior of the IRU (with the previous day’s behavior) we kept the data tether on the bot in order to observe any anomalous behavior. The descent to -270 m went without error and the bot was performing with nominal parameters. Once we were relatively certain the system was stable we uplinked instructions for DEPTHX to proceed deeper into the northwest corner. The result of this timid exploration was the ability to see (with the sonar arrays) down to a new underwater depth of -319 meters. The main entrance shaft – with a well defined bottom now beginning at -276 m on the southeast corner and sloping down to the northwest to -319 meters – appears to focus into a deep alcove at the northwest corner. Tantalizingly, there remains a zone below this point (see today’s map) that was not able to be imaged because we did not drive far enough under the enormous overhanging roof for safety reasons. Although we have closed-cycle helium diving equipment on site the maximum safe depth for bot rescue with that equipment is 200m. So any errors below the northwest roof would result in a permanent loss of the bot. The unknown northwest void could be a closed alcove or it could be the entrance to a 16 m high by approximately 40 to 50 m wide horizontal tunnel. Beyond that we cannot speculate without further exploration, and that cannot take place until a positive explanation is reached for the IRU crash of May 15. We are pursuing a resolution to this while continuing to conduct fiber data tether science missions. It is important to point out that the source for the large river that appears at El Nacimiento to the west of Zacaton comes from whatever lies down in that alcove. Whether that souce is navigable to DEPTHX will have to be determined by untethered exploration. It should be noted that in addition to the 319 m of confirmed underwater depth, the shaft continues 16.5 m above the water in air (see the cenote photos for the May 13 blog), thus giving a total known entrance shaft depth of 335 m.
New 1,000 m rated underwater high power lighting (two 100 W diffuse illuminators) formed a new addition to DEPTHX and were given a ride with the vehicle today in preparation for the first science mission on May 17
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace)
John Kerr attaches the fiber optic data link to the bot in preparation for the second mission to the bottom of the entrance shaft.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Dom Jonak (left) and Antonio Fregoso (Universidad del Noreste, Tampico) monitor the data as DEPTHX maneuvers away on the May 16 mission. Nathaniel Fairfield (seated left) works on code improvements while Dave Wettergreen (right) tends the data tether. Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
The floating science platform is maneuvered out to the center of the cenote while the bot descent is underway.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
DEPTHX principal investigator Bill Stone maneuvers near the bot for crane recovery at the conclusion of the highly successful May 16 mission.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
Following the May 16th mission Nathaniel Fairfield (left) and Bill Stone discuss DEPTHX navigation control issues at the field lab while John Kerr (in background) wires up the first test circuit for interfacing the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) sensor that will be used as the trigger for some upcoming science autonomy missions. Essentially it is a light intensity detector that is tuned to the wavelength of chlorophyll.
Photo: (Jose Antonio Soriano / Stone Aerospace).
This map illustrates the May 16, 2007 data set for Zacaton. With a stable IRU the descent, exploration, and ascent portions of the data were automatically co-registered. This conclusively confirms the presence of a sloping bottom to the entrance shaft of Zacaton and also confirms the presence of an unexplored void to the northwest, the extent of which remains unknown.
Photo: (Stone Aerospace / Team DEPTHX).
Refined closeup of the mysterious northwest corner at the base of the Zacaton entrance shaft. As the data indicate, there is a potential there for a passage approximately 16 to 20 m in height by 40 to 50 m wide. Or it may be a blind alcove…. Only further exploration will tell, but this seems to be the logical source of the hydrothermal spring.
Photo: (Stone Aerospace / Team DEPTHX).
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